Joinery is a part of woodworking Along with stone, mud, and animal parts, wood was certainly one of the first materials worked by primitive human beings. Microwear analysis of the Mousterian stone tools used by the Neanderthals show that many were used to work wood. The development of civilization was closely tied to the development of increasingly greater degrees of skill in that involves joining together pieces of wood Wood is a hard, fibrous tissue found in many plants. It has been used for centuries for both fuel and as a construction material for several types of living areas such as houses. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. In the strict sense wood is produced as, to create furniture, structures, toys, and other items. Some wood joints employ fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements. The characteristics of wooden joints - strength, flexibility, toughness,appearance, etc. - derive from the properties of the joining materials and from how they are used in the joints. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to build a house A house is a home, shelter, building or structure that is a dwelling or place for habitation by human beings. The term includes many kinds of dwellings ranging from rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes to free standing individual structures. In some contexts, "house" may mean the same as dwelling, residence, home, abode, lodging, is different from that used to make puzzle A puzzle is a problem or enigma that tests the ingenuity of the solver. In a basic puzzle, one is intended to piece together objects in a logical way in order to come up with the desired shape, picture or solution. Puzzles are often contrived as a form of entertainment, but they can also stem from serious mathematical or logistical problems — in toys, although some concepts overlap.

List of Joints

Traditional Woodworking Joints

• Butt joint; the end of a piece of wood is butted against another piece of wood. This is the simplest and weakest joint.
• Miter joint; similar to a butt joint, but both pieces have been cut at a 45 degree angle.
• Lap joints; one piece of wood will overlap another.
• Box joint, also called a finger joint, used for the corners of boxes. It involves several lap joints at the ends of two boards.
• Dovetail joint A dovetail joint or simply dovetail is a joint technique most commonly used in woodworking joinery. Noted for its resistance to being pulled apart , the dovetail joint is commonly used to join the sides of a drawer to the front. A series of pins cut to extend from the end of one board interlock with a series of tails cut into the end of another; a form of box joint where the fingers are locked together by diagonal cuts.
• Edge joint; the edges of two boards are joined.
• Dado joint; a slot is cut across the grain in one piece for another piece to set into; shelves on a bookshelf having slots cut into the sides of the shelf, for example.
• Groover joint In joinery, a groove is a slot or trench cut into a member which runs parallel to the grain. A groove is thus differentiated from a dado, which runs across the grain; the slot is cut with the grain.
• Tongue and groove A strong joint, the tongue and groove joint is widely used for re-entrant angles. The effect of wood shrinkage is concealed when the joint is beaded or otherwise moulded. In expensive cabinet work, glued dovetail and multiple tongue and groove are used. Each piece has a groove cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge (the tongue) on the opposite edge. If the tongue is unattached, it is considered a spline joint.
• Mortise and tenon Simple and strong, the mortise and tenon joint has been used for thousands of years by woodworkers around the world to join pieces of wood, usually when the pieces are at an angle close to 90°. Although there are many variations on the theme, the basic idea is that the end of one of the members is inserted into a hole cut in the other member. The; a stub (the tenon) will fit tightly into a hole cut for it (the mortise). This is a hallmark of Mission Style furniture Mission Furniture is a style of furniture that originated in the late 19th Century. It traces its origins to a chair in a San Francisco Church. The term mission furniture was first coined by Jose McHugh of New York. The word mission references the Spanish missions throughout colonial California. The style became increasingly popular following the, and also the traditional method of jointing frame and panel Frame and panel construction is a woodworking technique often used in the making of doors, wainscoting, and other decorative features for cabinets, furniture, and homes. The basic idea is to capture a 'floating' panel within a sturdy frame, as opposed to techniques like slab drawer fronts which are simply single pieces of material with exposed members in doors, windows, and cabinets.

Nontraditional Woodworking Joints

• Pocket hole joinery; a hidden screw is driven into the joint at an angle.
• Joints using metal connectors, which attach to the frame with nails or screws.

Traditional Ways of Improving Joints

• Dowels A butt joint is a joinery technique in which two members are joined by simply butting them together. The butt joint is the simplest joint to make since it merely involves cutting the members to the appropriate length and butting them together. It is also the weakest because unless some form of reinforcement is used it relies upon glue alone to, where a small rod is used internal to a joint to both help align on glue up and permanently strengthen the joint.

Nontraditional Ways of Improving Joints

• Biscuit joints A biscuit joiner or sometimes plate joiner is a woodworking tool used to join two pieces of wood together. A biscuit joiner uses a small 100mm diameter tungsten carbide tipped circular saw blade to cut a crescent shaped hole (called the mouth) in the opposite edges of two pieces of wood or wood composite panels. An oval-shaped, highly-dried and, where a small 'biscuit' is used to help align an edge or butt joint on glue-up.
• Domino jointer, a trademarked tool similar to a biscuit jointer, where a piece large than a biscuit has some of the advantages of dowels, and some of the advantages of biscuits.

Properties of wood

Many wood joinery techniques either depend upon or compensate for the fact that wood is anisotropic Anisotropy is the property of being directionally dependent, as opposed to isotropy, which implies homogeneity in all directions. It can be defined as a difference, when measured along different axes, in a material's physical property (absorbance, refractive index, density, etc.) An example of anisotropy is the light coming through a polarizer. An: its material properties are different along different dimensions.

Joining wood parts together must take this into account, otherwise the joint is destined to fail. Gluing boards with the grain running perpendicular to each other is often the reason for split boards, or broken joints. Furniture from the 18th century, while made by master craftsmen, did not take this into account. The result is this masterful work suffers from broken bracket feet, which was often attached with a glue block which ran perpendicular to the base pieces. The glue blocks were fastened with both glue and nails, resulting in unequal expansion and contraction between the pieces. This was also the cause of splitting of wide boards, which were commonly used during that period.

In modern woodworking it is even more critical, as heating and air conditioning cause major changes in the moisture content of the wood. All woodworking joints must take these changes into account, and allow for the resulting movement. ^[1]

Strength

Wood is stronger when stressed along the grain In speaking of wood the term grain refers to the alternating regions of relatively darker and lighter wood resulting from the differing growth parameters occuring in different seasons . The term is used in several ways. Perhaps most important is that in woodworking techniques (e.g. against the grain). In describing the application of a woodworking (longitudinally) than it is when stressed across the grain (radially and tangentially).

Dimensional Stability

Timber expands and contracts in response to humidity Water content or moisture content is the quantity of water contained in a material, such as soil , rock, ceramics, or wood on a volumetric or gravimetric basis. The property is used in a wide range of scientific and technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio, which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the materials' porosity at, usually much less so longitudinally than in the radial and tangential directions. As tracheophytes Vascular plants are those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include the ferns, clubmosses, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. Scientific names for the group include Tracheophyta and Tracheobionta, but neither name is very widely used.[, trees have lignified Lignin or lignen is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, and an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants and some algae. The term was introduced in 1819 by de Candolle and is derived from the Latin word lignum, meaning wood. It is one of the most abundant organic polymers on Earth, exceeded only by cellulose, tissues Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues which transport resources such as water, minerals and photosynthetic products up and down the plant. While lumber from a harvested tree is no longer alive, these tissue still absorb and expel water causing swelling and shrinkage of the wood in kind with change in humidity^[2]. When the dimensional stability of the wood is paramount, quartersawn lumber Rather than feeding a log into a mill for rift sawn and merely shifting the blade position a little after each board, the whole log must first be quartered , then each quarter is sawn separately. The best quarter sawing pattern takes a single slice off each face of the quarter, rotating it between cuts. This is obviously a lengthy process, so a is preferred because its grain pattern is consistent and thus reacts less to humidity.

Materials used for joining

• Joints can be designed to hold without the use of glue or fasteners; a pinned mortise and tenon is an example of this.
• Glue An adhesive, or glue, is a mixture in a liquid or semi-liquid state that adheres or bonds items together. Adhesives may come from either natural or synthetic sources. The types of materials that can be bonded are vast but they are especially useful for bonding thin materials. Adhesives cure by either evaporating a solvent or by chemical reactions is highly effective for joining wood when both surfaces of the joint are edge grain. A properly glued joint may be as strong or stronger than a single piece of wood. However, glue is notably less effective on end-grain In speaking of wood the term grain refers to the alternating regions of relatively darker and lighter wood resulting from the differing growth parameters occuring in different seasons . The term is used in several ways. Perhaps most important is that in woodworking techniques (e.g. against the grain). In describing the application of a woodworking surfaces. Animal glue An animal glue is an adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of animal connective tissue is soluble in water, producing joints that can be disassembled using steam Steam is either mist , or the gas phase of water (water vapor) to soften the glue.
• Various mechanical fasteners Fasteners can also be used to close a container such as a bag, a box, or an envelope; or they may involve keeping together the sides of an opening of flexible material, attaching a lid to a container, etc. There are also special-purpose closing devices, e.g. a bread clip. Fasteners used in these manners are often temporary, in that they may be may be used, the simplest being nails In engineering, woodworking and construction, a nail is a pin-shaped, sharp object of hard metal or alloy used as a fastener. Formerly wrought iron, today's nails are typically of an alloy of steel, often be dipped or coated to prevent corrosion in harsh conditions or improve adhesion and screws. Glue and fasteners can be used together.

Traditional Joinery

Many traditional wood joinery techniques use the distinctive material properties of wood Wood is a hard, fibrous tissue found in many plants. It has been used for centuries for both fuel and as a construction material for several types of living areas such as houses. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. In the strict sense wood is produced as, often without resorting to mechanical fasteners or adhesives. While every culture in which pieces of wood are joined together to make furniture or structures has a joinery tradition, wood joinery techniques have been especially well documented and celebrated in the Chinese Ancient Chinese wooden architecture is among the least studied of any of the world's great architectural traditions from the western point of view. Although Chinese architectural history reaches far back in time, descriptions of Chinese architecture is often confined to the well known Forbidden City with little else explored by the west. Although, European, and Japanese traditions. The Japanese and Chinese traditions in particular include hundreds of types of joints, many of which do not use glue or nails. The Chinese have been using some of these methods for over seven thousand years.^[3]

Nontraditional Joinery

Methods that are not considered traditional joinery have come about in modern times, largely to attempt to simplify the job of the woodworker for various reasons. These include biscuit joints, pocket hole joinery,

See also

• Woodworking Along with stone, mud, and animal parts, wood was certainly one of the first materials worked by primitive human beings. Microwear analysis of the Mousterian stone tools used by the Neanderthals show that many were used to work wood. The development of civilization was closely tied to the development of increasingly greater degrees of skill in
• Cabinet making Cabinet making involves techniques such as creating appropriate joints, dados, bevels, chamfers and shelving systems, the use of finishing tools such as routers to create decorative edgings, and so on
• Building construction In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager, design engineer,
• Chinese Wooden Architecture Ancient Chinese wooden architecture is among the least studied of any of the world's great architectural traditions from the western point of view. Although Chinese architectural history reaches far back in time, descriptions of Chinese architecture is often confined to the well known Forbidden City with little else explored by the west. Although
• Timber framing Timber framing , or half-timbering, is the method of creating structures utilizing heavy timbers jointed via pegged mortise and tenon joints

Footnotes

1. ^ Pro Woodworking Tips.com
2. ^ Wood Movement, WoodworkDetails.com
3. ^ Steinhardt, Nancy W. (2002). Chinese Architecture (English Ed. ed.). Yale University Press. pp. 7. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 0-300-09559-7.

References

• Lee A. Jesberger (2007). Woodworking Terms and Joints. Pro Woodworking Tips.com
• Bernard Jones (Ed.) (1980). The Complete Woodworker. ISBN 0-89815-022-1
• Peter Korn (1993). Working with Wood. ISBN 1-56158-041-4
• Sam Allen (1990). Wood Joiner's Handbook. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 0-8069-6999-7
• Wolfram Graubner (1992). Encyclopedia of Wood Joints. Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-004-X

External links

• [1] Pro Woodworking Tips - Woodworking Terms and Joints
• DIYinfo.org's Carpentry Wiki - Practical information on creating various wood-working joints
• Dimensioning woodworking and carpentry joints Craftsmanspace

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